EQOL Journal (2018) 10(1):
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The influence of morphological characteristics on the specific motor skills of
Dušica Rakita 1 • Dušan Rakonjac 1✉ • Mila
Received: 8th February, 2018 |
DOI: 10.31382/eqol.180605 |
Accepted: 2nd May, 2018 |
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© The Author(s) 2018. This article is published with open access. |
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relations between morphological characteristics and specific motor skills of karate athletes, where by the obtained results would be used in better planning and programming of training.
✉rakonjac992@gmail.com
1Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
connection between the morphological characteristics and the specific motor skills of
Keywords martial arts • motor skills • body composition
Introduction
Karate is today one of the most massive individual martial and
In one study (Sterkowicz, 1992), among thirteen athletes of kyokushin karate, the percentage of fat mass was 12.16 ± 2.31 %, while the percentage of lean body mass was 87.84 ± 2.22 %, and it is believed that karate athletes are characterized by predominantly low percentage of fat mass. The similar results are obtained in other researchers
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Chamari, 2012).
However, the percentage of fat mass varies in different studies in karate athletes of different nationalities. Thus, karate athletes of Japan have 7.5% fat mass (Imamura et al., 1997), while Polish karate athletes have 16.8%
Analysis of anthropometric characteristics and sports performance (Koropanovski et al., 2011) on male karate athletes, members of the Serbian national team, showed that there is no statistically significant difference in body composition between the kumite and the kata athletes. However, in this study, it can be noticed that the kumite were larger in body dimensions compared to kate. If we are talking about comparing karate athletes of a different competitive level, the research by Giampietro, Puija, & Bertini (2003) found that there is no difference in the body composition between middle and
The influence of motor skills on sports performance (Ravier, Grappe, & Rouillon, 2003; Blažević, Katić, & Popović, 2006; Katić, Jukić, Glavan, Ivanišević, & Gudelj, 2009) have been investigated to a great extent, where the emission of explosive force, the speed of movement and coordination in karate is present in most of the above studies. Jukić et al. (2012) and Blažević et al. (2006) found that explosive power, speed and coordination have a dominant effect on success in karate, while a group of authors (Mori, Ohtani, & Imanaka, 2002; Ravier et al., 2003) conclude that technique, speed of reaction and ability to anticipate attacks by opponents are also crucial to success in karate. In their research, Katić et al. (2009) point out that sports performance is even more determined by the integration of defense and attack actions, such as the ability to operate combinations of techniques in a series, and that combat effectiveness is predominantly determined by specific speed and agility skills.
A group of authors (Vences Brito, Rodrigues- Ferreira, Cortes, Fernandes, &
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performance of the straight punch
When it comes to the relations of morphological characteristics and specific motor skills, a very small number of research has been done so far. Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the relations between morphological characteristics and specific motor skills of junior age karate athletes.
Method
Body height was measured by the Martin anthropometer of 0.1 cm (GPM in Switzerland), while the body mass was measured on a calibrated beam balance platform scale to the nearest 0.1 kg.
A digital scale (Omron BF511, Serbia) was used to assess the body composition parameters: fat mass (%), muscle mass (%) and overall body water (%).
Specific motor tests in karate were used to assess specific motor skills and briefly described in Kovač, Trivun, & Bajrić (2012). Selected karate attacks with explanations (Witte, Emmermacher, Bandow, & Masik, 2012).
1)Kizami - Zuki (snapping the leading fist forward);
2)Gyaku - Zuki (reverse punch);
3)Oi - Zuki (lunge punch);
4)Mawashi - Geri (roundhouse kick) with front leg, and
5)Mae - Geri (front kick).
All tests of specific motor skills were carried out so that the karate athletes who were tested must make the first step to create and form an adequate distance, that is, the distance from the kicking hooks and to carry out as many times as possible the strikes that
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meet the criteria of the pointing techniques in karate combat for 10 seconds (only properly executed techniques are taken into account). The result is expressed in the frequency of technically correct strokes.
Measurement was carried out at the sports hall of
CC“Šotokan” in Loznica. During testing, the temperature ranged from 22 to 25ºC. Testing started at 10 a.m. and ended at 1 p.m. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were measured in the morning. Specific motor tests were performed after measuring anthropometric characteristics and body composition. Before performing specific motor tests, the participants performed a
The statistical data processing method determines the basic descriptive statistics of motor variables: the arithmetic mean (M), the standard deviation (S) of the minimum (Min), and the maximum (Max) value of the measurement results. To test the normal distribution, a
Results
The values of descriptive statistics are shown in Table
1.Based on the statistical significance of the Shapiro- Wilk coefficient, the distribution normalities of the analyzed variables can be estimated
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of analysed variables karate athletes (N=25)
Variable |
Min |
Max |
Mean |
S |
|
8 |
11 |
9.24 |
0.93 |
0.10 |
|
8 |
10 |
9.20 |
0.76 |
0.12 |
|
7 |
11 |
9.24 |
1.23 |
0.38 |
|
8 |
12 |
10.00 |
0.96 |
0.27 |
|
10 |
14 |
11.32 |
1.28 |
0.13 |
|
Body height (cm) |
157.0 |
185.0 |
174.92 |
7.16 |
0.14 |
Body mass (kg) |
46.3 |
81.0 |
63.25 |
9.18 |
0.43 |
Fat mass (%) |
18.60 |
25.20 |
21.25 |
1.69 |
0.11 |
Muscle mass (%) |
42.40 |
56.10 |
46.65 |
2.84 |
0.09 |
Overall body water (%) |
48.00 |
54.40 |
51.46 |
1.67 |
0.71 |
Legend:
Regression analysis of the variable
considerable less values of the common variability (from 17%) are observed. In analyzing the sample on the speed of
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Table 2. Influence of morphological characteristics on
Variable |
r |
p |
rpart |
ppart |
Beta |
pβ |
Body height (cm) |
0.21 |
0.16 |
0.36 |
0.11 |
0.52 |
0.11 |
Body mass (kg) |
0.05 |
0.40 |
0.40 |
0.40 |
||
Fat mass (%) |
0.14 |
0.25 |
0.08 |
0.72 |
0.08 |
0.72 |
Muscle mass (%) |
0.38 |
0.03 |
0.45 |
0.04 |
0.46 |
0.04 |
Overall body water (%) |
0.18 |
0.20 |
0.18 |
0.07 |
0.39 |
0.07 |
R = 0.59 |
R2 = 0.35 |
|
P = 0.12 |
|
Adjusted R2 = 0.17 |
Legend: r - Pearson coefficient of correlation; p - level of statistical significance for r; rpart - value of the partial correlation coefficient; ppart - level of statistical significance for rpart; Beta - regression coefficient; pβ - level of significance of regression coefficient; R -
Considering the results of the regression analysis of the
Based on the Pearson coefficient, fat mass and muscle mass were in positive statistically significant correlations (p=0.02, and p=0.01). Observing the values of the partial correlation coefficient for the variable body height, fat mass, muscle mass and body water, it can be noticed that the correlation with these predictor variables is statistically significant (ppart<0.01). However, body height appears as the dominant predictor of success in performing this test because the partial correlation coefficient increased with respect to the Pearson coefficient and became statistically significant (Table 3).
Table 3. Influence of morphological characteristics on
Variable |
r |
p |
rpart |
ppart |
Beta |
pβ |
Body height (cm) |
0.29 |
0.08 |
0.57 |
0.01 |
0.76 |
0.01 |
Body mass (kg) |
0.05 |
0.41 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
||
Fat mass (%) |
0.41 |
0.02 |
0.44 |
0.05 |
0.36 |
0.05 |
Muscle mass (%) |
0.47 |
0.01 |
0.51 |
0.02 |
0.43 |
0.02 |
Overall body water (%) |
0.07 |
0.37 |
0.47 |
0.03 |
0.37 |
0.03 |
R = 0.75 |
R2 = 0.57 |
|
P = 0.00 |
|
Adjusted R2 = 0.45 |
In Table 4. can be noted that the system of morphological variables is significantly related to the criterion
coefficients. It is assumed that the remaining variables reduced the speed and efficiency of the movement of the arms during the arm movement in the forward direction with tall karateka and those with a higher total amount of muscle (Table 4). Taking into account the values of the partial coefficient of correlation for the body mass, the correlation is found to be negative
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Table 4. Influence of morphological characteristics on
Variable |
r |
p |
rpart |
ppart |
Beta |
pβ |
Body height (cm) |
0.38 |
0.03 |
0.64 |
0.00 |
0.87 |
0.00 |
Body mass (kg) |
0.08 |
0.35 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
||
Fat mass (%) |
0.39 |
0.03 |
0.37 |
0.10 |
0.28 |
0,10 |
Muscle mass (%) |
0.52 |
0.00 |
0.55 |
0.01 |
0.46 |
0.01 |
Overall body water (%) |
0.32 |
0.30 |
0.19 |
0.21 |
0.19 |
|
R = 0.77 |
R2 = 0.60 |
|
P = 0.00 |
|
Adjusted R2 = 0.50 |
The results from Table 5. in Mawashi – Geri show that there is no influence of the system of predictor variables on the above criterion (P=0.06). The value of the
adjusted values of the coefficient of determination with respect to the small sample of the respondents, considerably less values of the common variability (from 26%) are observed. Even though the variable body height has a significant impact on this foot kick (p<0.05).
Table 5. Impact of morphological characteristics on
Variable |
r |
p |
rpart |
ppart |
Beta |
pβ |
Body height (cm) |
0.40 |
0.02 |
0.55 |
0.01 |
0.86 |
0.01 |
Body mass (kg) |
0.16 |
0.23 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
||
Fat mass (%) |
0.28 |
0.09 |
0.35 |
0.13 |
0.31 |
0.13 |
Muscle mass (%) |
0.16 |
0.22 |
0.16 |
0.50 |
0.13 |
0.50 |
Overall body water (%) |
0.12 |
0.28 |
0.39 |
0.08 |
0.35 |
0.08 |
R = 0.64 |
R2 = 0.41 |
|
P = 0.06 |
|
Adjusted R2 = 0.26 |
Interpretation of results in Table 6 indicates that there is influence of the system of predictor variables on the
results in
Table 6. Influence of morphological characteristics on
Variable |
r |
p |
rpart |
ppart |
Beta |
pβ |
Body height (cm) |
0.43 |
0.02 |
0.32 |
0.16 |
0.40 |
0.16 |
Body mass (kg) |
0.36 |
0.04 |
0.12 |
0.60 |
0.14 |
0.60 |
Fat mass (%) |
0.16 |
0.22 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
||
Muscle mass (%) |
0.49 |
0.01 |
0.61 |
0.00 |
0.60 |
0.00 |
Overall body water (%) |
0.42 |
0.24 |
0.29 |
0.19 |
0.29 |
|
R = 0.71 |
R2 = 0.50 |
|
P = 0.01 |
|
Adjusted R2 = 0.37 |
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Discussion
The present study examined the influence and correlation between morphological characteristics and specific motor skills of junior age karate athletes. The major findings of this study were that morphological characteristics effect on specific motor skills in karate athletes from Loznica, of junior age.
The variability of the results ranged from 50% in the
&Nowak (2012) karate athletes showed harmonious construction body and
Of all the predicted variables analyzed, body height had the greatest impact on the expression of
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hand and foot strokes and the reasons for such results should be sought in the very technique of performing the movement and speed of movement in this group of karate athletes. It has been well established that karate practice requires by explosive, intermittent, and quick movements performed either by the upper or lower part of the athlete's body (Chaabene, et al., 2015).
The results of the research confirm the set research hypothesis, as well as the results of some previous research
The remaining percentage can be attributed to the effects of other characteristics and abilities that were not part of this predictor system on the criteria examined. Such results indicate that the predicator variables largely determine the performance of hand and leg strokes in karate.
Despite many befits observed in this study there are a few limitations. Firstly, we have investigated only male karate athletes, while female karate athletes were not included. Secondly, we analyzed influence body composition parameters and some anthropometrics parameters (body height and body mass) without other parameters (skinfold, body mass index, circumference). Thirdly, we analyzed all karate athletes regardless of whether they belong to kata or kumite. Future studies should consider influence morphological characteristics depending on whether they belong kata or kumite. Also, for future studies it would be interesting to examine the impact of morphological characteristics on the frequency of strokes in a combat in kumite.
In conclusion, the present study showed influence of morphological characteristics on specific motor skills in karate athletes junior age. The obtained results can contribute to the improvement of the physical characteristics of karateists, with an emphasis on body mass building. The results of the research draw attention to the need for further correction of body material and further planning of training work.
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How to cite this article:
Rakita, D., Rakonjac, D.,
APA: (2018). The influence of morphological characteristics on the specific motor skills of
Rakita, Dušica, et al. "The influence of morphological
MLA: characteristics on the specific motor skills of
Rakita, Dušica, Dušan Rakonjac, Mila
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